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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).
Disease related genes Enzymes Metabolic proteins Potential drug targets
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
19
Cytoband
q13.33
Chromosome location (bp)
48619291 - 48630717
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of sphingosine to form sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP), a lipid mediator with both intra- and extracellular functions. Also acts on D-erythro-dihydrosphingosine, D-erythro-sphingosine and L-threo-dihydrosphingosine. Binds phosphoinositides 1,2. In contrast to prosurvival SPHK1, has a positive effect on intracellular ceramide levels, inhibits cells growth and enhances apoptosis 3. In mitochondria, is important for cytochrome-c oxidase assembly and mitochondrial respiration. The SPP produced in mitochondria binds PHB2 and modulates the regulation via PHB2 of complex IV assembly and respiration 4. In nucleus, plays a role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Interacts with HDAC1 and HDAC2 and, through SPP production, inhibits their enzymatic activity, preventing the removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues with histones. Up-regulates acetylation of histone H3-K9, histone H4-K5 and histone H2B-K12 5. In nucleus, may have an inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis and cell cycle 6,7. In mast cells, is the main regulator of SPP production which mediates calcium influx, NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine production, such as TNF and IL6, and degranulation of mast cells (By similarity). In dopaminergic neurons, is involved in promoting mitochondrial functions regulating ATP and ROS levels (By similarity). Also involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism (By similarity)....show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.
Kinase, Transferase
Biological process (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they are involved in a particular biological process.
Lipid metabolism
Ligand (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they bind, are associated with, or whose activity is dependent of some molecule.
ATP-binding, Nucleotide-binding
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
This gene encodes one of two sphingosine kinase isozymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of sphingosine into sphingosine 1-phosphate. Sphingosine 1-phosphate mediates many cellular processes including migration, proliferation and apoptosis, and also plays a role in several types of cancer by promoting angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. The encoded protein may play a role in breast cancer proliferation and chemoresistance. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The ENSP identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary, while the ENST identifier links to the Ensembl website transcript summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the UniProt column can be expanded to show links to all matching UniProt identifiers for this protein.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The Gene Ontology terms assigned to this protein are listed if expanding the Gene ontology column. The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide (according to a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius) and the number of predicted transmembrane region(s) (according to MDM) are also reported.
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Transferases Metabolic proteins MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Disease related genes Potential drug targets Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014)
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GO:0000166[nucleotide binding] GO:0000786[nucleosome] GO:0001568[blood vessel development] GO:0001727[lipid kinase activity] GO:0002720[positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response] GO:0003376[sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling pathway] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005524[ATP binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005654[nucleoplasm] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005739[mitochondrion] GO:0005743[mitochondrial inner membrane] GO:0005764[lysosome] GO:0005765[lysosomal membrane] GO:0005783[endoplasmic reticulum] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0006629[lipid metabolic process] GO:0006665[sphingolipid metabolic process] GO:0006669[sphinganine-1-phosphate biosynthetic process] GO:0006670[sphingosine metabolic process] GO:0007420[brain development] GO:0007565[female pregnancy] GO:0008283[cell population proliferation] GO:0008284[positive regulation of cell population proliferation] GO:0008481[sphinganine kinase activity] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016301[kinase activity] GO:0016310[phosphorylation] GO:0016740[transferase activity] GO:0017050[D-erythro-sphingosine kinase activity] GO:0030148[sphingolipid biosynthetic process] GO:0030308[negative regulation of cell growth] GO:0031064[negative regulation of histone deacetylation] GO:0031267[small GTPase binding] GO:0032736[positive regulation of interleukin-13 production] GO:0032755[positive regulation of interleukin-6 production] GO:0032760[positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production] GO:0033008[positive regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response] GO:0038036[sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor activity] GO:0042393[histone binding] GO:0043065[positive regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043122[regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling] GO:0043231[intracellular membrane-bounded organelle] GO:0043306[positive regulation of mast cell degranulation] GO:0043977[histone H2A-K5 acetylation] GO:0043980[histone H2B-K12 acetylation] GO:0045815[transcriptional initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling] GO:0046512[sphingosine biosynthetic process] GO:0046834[lipid phosphorylation] GO:0090037[positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling] GO:0090280[positive regulation of calcium ion import] GO:1901726[negative regulation of histone deacetylase activity] GO:1903426[regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process] GO:1904628[cellular response to phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate] GO:1904959[regulation of cytochrome-c oxidase activity] GO:2000304[positive regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process] GO:2000617[positive regulation of histone H3-K9 acetylation] GO:2001169[regulation of ATP biosynthetic process]
Metabolic proteins MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014)
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Transferases Metabolic proteins MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Disease related genes Potential drug targets Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000166[nucleotide binding] GO:0000786[nucleosome] GO:0001727[lipid kinase activity] GO:0002720[positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response] GO:0003376[sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling pathway] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005524[ATP binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005654[nucleoplasm] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005739[mitochondrion] GO:0005743[mitochondrial inner membrane] GO:0005764[lysosome] GO:0005765[lysosomal membrane] GO:0005783[endoplasmic reticulum] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0006629[lipid metabolic process] GO:0006665[sphingolipid metabolic process] GO:0006669[sphinganine-1-phosphate biosynthetic process] GO:0006670[sphingosine metabolic process] GO:0008481[sphinganine kinase activity] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016301[kinase activity] GO:0016310[phosphorylation] GO:0016740[transferase activity] GO:0017050[D-erythro-sphingosine kinase activity] GO:0030148[sphingolipid biosynthetic process] GO:0030308[negative regulation of cell growth] GO:0031064[negative regulation of histone deacetylation] GO:0031267[small GTPase binding] GO:0032736[positive regulation of interleukin-13 production] GO:0032755[positive regulation of interleukin-6 production] GO:0032760[positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production] GO:0033008[positive regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response] GO:0038036[sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor activity] GO:0042393[histone binding] GO:0043065[positive regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043122[regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling] GO:0043231[intracellular membrane-bounded organelle] GO:0043306[positive regulation of mast cell degranulation] GO:0043977[histone H2A-K5 acetylation] GO:0043980[histone H2B-K12 acetylation] GO:0045815[transcriptional initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling] GO:0046512[sphingosine biosynthetic process] GO:0046834[lipid phosphorylation] GO:0090037[positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling] GO:0090280[positive regulation of calcium ion import] GO:1901726[negative regulation of histone deacetylase activity] GO:1903426[regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process] GO:1904628[cellular response to phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate] GO:1904959[regulation of cytochrome-c oxidase activity] GO:2000304[positive regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process] GO:2000617[positive regulation of histone H3-K9 acetylation] GO:2001169[regulation of ATP biosynthetic process]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Transferases Metabolic proteins MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Disease related genes Potential drug targets Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000166[nucleotide binding] GO:0000786[nucleosome] GO:0001727[lipid kinase activity] GO:0002720[positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response] GO:0003376[sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling pathway] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005524[ATP binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005654[nucleoplasm] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005739[mitochondrion] GO:0005743[mitochondrial inner membrane] GO:0005764[lysosome] GO:0005765[lysosomal membrane] GO:0005783[endoplasmic reticulum] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0006629[lipid metabolic process] GO:0006665[sphingolipid metabolic process] GO:0006669[sphinganine-1-phosphate biosynthetic process] GO:0006670[sphingosine metabolic process] GO:0008481[sphinganine kinase activity] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016301[kinase activity] GO:0016310[phosphorylation] GO:0016740[transferase activity] GO:0017050[D-erythro-sphingosine kinase activity] GO:0030148[sphingolipid biosynthetic process] GO:0030308[negative regulation of cell growth] GO:0031064[negative regulation of histone deacetylation] GO:0031267[small GTPase binding] GO:0032736[positive regulation of interleukin-13 production] GO:0032755[positive regulation of interleukin-6 production] GO:0032760[positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production] GO:0033008[positive regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response] GO:0038036[sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor activity] GO:0042393[histone binding] GO:0043065[positive regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043122[regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling] GO:0043231[intracellular membrane-bounded organelle] GO:0043306[positive regulation of mast cell degranulation] GO:0043977[histone H2A-K5 acetylation] GO:0043980[histone H2B-K12 acetylation] GO:0045815[transcriptional initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling] GO:0046512[sphingosine biosynthetic process] GO:0046834[lipid phosphorylation] GO:0090037[positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling] GO:0090280[positive regulation of calcium ion import] GO:1901726[negative regulation of histone deacetylase activity] GO:1903426[regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process] GO:1904628[cellular response to phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate] GO:1904959[regulation of cytochrome-c oxidase activity] GO:2000304[positive regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process] GO:2000617[positive regulation of histone H3-K9 acetylation] GO:2001169[regulation of ATP biosynthetic process]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Transferases Metabolic proteins MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Disease related genes Potential drug targets Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000166[nucleotide binding] GO:0000786[nucleosome] GO:0001727[lipid kinase activity] GO:0002720[positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response] GO:0003376[sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling pathway] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005524[ATP binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005654[nucleoplasm] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005739[mitochondrion] GO:0005743[mitochondrial inner membrane] GO:0005764[lysosome] GO:0005765[lysosomal membrane] GO:0005783[endoplasmic reticulum] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0006629[lipid metabolic process] GO:0006665[sphingolipid metabolic process] GO:0006669[sphinganine-1-phosphate biosynthetic process] GO:0006670[sphingosine metabolic process] GO:0008481[sphinganine kinase activity] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016301[kinase activity] GO:0016310[phosphorylation] GO:0016740[transferase activity] GO:0017050[D-erythro-sphingosine kinase activity] GO:0030148[sphingolipid biosynthetic process] GO:0030308[negative regulation of cell growth] GO:0031064[negative regulation of histone deacetylation] GO:0031267[small GTPase binding] GO:0032736[positive regulation of interleukin-13 production] GO:0032755[positive regulation of interleukin-6 production] GO:0032760[positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production] GO:0033008[positive regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response] GO:0038036[sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor activity] GO:0042393[histone binding] GO:0043065[positive regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043122[regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling] GO:0043231[intracellular membrane-bounded organelle] GO:0043306[positive regulation of mast cell degranulation] GO:0043977[histone H2A-K5 acetylation] GO:0043980[histone H2B-K12 acetylation] GO:0045815[transcriptional initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling] GO:0046512[sphingosine biosynthetic process] GO:0046834[lipid phosphorylation] GO:0090037[positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling] GO:0090280[positive regulation of calcium ion import] GO:1901726[negative regulation of histone deacetylase activity] GO:1903426[regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process] GO:1904628[cellular response to phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate] GO:1904959[regulation of cytochrome-c oxidase activity] GO:2000304[positive regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process] GO:2000617[positive regulation of histone H3-K9 acetylation] GO:2001169[regulation of ATP biosynthetic process]
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