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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).
CD markers FDA approved drug targets Human disease related genes Transporters
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
9
Cytoband
q33.1
Chromosome location (bp)
117704175 - 117724735
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
Cooperates with LY96 and CD14 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 1. Acts via MYD88, TIRAP and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response 2,3,4,5. Also involved in LPS-independent inflammatory responses triggered by free fatty acids, such as palmitate, and Ni(2+). Responses triggered by Ni(2+) require non-conserved histidines and are, therefore, species-specific 6. Both M.tuberculosis HSP70 (dnaK) and HSP65 (groEL-2) act via this protein to stimulate NF-kappa-B expression 7. In complex with TLR6, promotes sterile inflammation in monocytes/macrophages in response to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) or amyloid-beta 42. In this context, the initial signal is provided by oxLDL-or amyloid-beta 42-binding to CD36. This event induces the formation of a heterodimer of TLR4 and TLR6, which is rapidly internalized and triggers inflammatory response, leading to the NF-kappa-B-dependent production of CXCL1, CXCL2 and CCL9 cytokines, via MYD88 signaling pathway, and CCL5 cytokine, via TICAM1 signaling pathway, as well as IL1B secretion. Binds electronegative LDL (LDL(-)) and mediates the cytokine release induced by LDL(-) 8. Stimulation of monocytes in vitro with M.tuberculosis PstS1 induces p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 activation primarily via TLR2, but also partially via this receptor 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17. Activated by the signaling pathway regulator NMI which acts as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in response to cell injury or pathogen invasion, therefore promoting nuclear factor NF-kappa-B activation 18....show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.
Receptor
Biological process (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they are involved in a particular biological process.
Immunity, Inflammatory response, Innate immunity
Ligand (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they bind, are associated with, or whose activity is dependent of some molecule.
NAD
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. In silico studies have found a particularly strong binding of surface TLR4 with the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). This receptor has also been implicated in signal transduction events induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in most gram-negative bacteria. Mutations in this gene have been associated with differences in LPS responsiveness, and with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The ENSP identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary, while the ENST identifier links to the Ensembl website transcript summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the UniProt column can be expanded to show links to all matching UniProt identifiers for this protein.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The Gene Ontology terms assigned to this protein are listed if expanding the Gene ontology column. The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide (according to a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius) and the number of predicted transmembrane region(s) (according to MDM) are also reported.
CD markers Transporters Accessory Factors Involved in Transport Predicted membrane proteins Prediction method-based Membrane proteins predicted by MDM MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins MEMSAT-SVM predicted membrane proteins Phobius predicted membrane proteins SCAMPI predicted membrane proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins TMHMM predicted membrane proteins # TM segments-based 1TM proteins predicted by MDM FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Human disease related genes Nervous system diseases Eye disease Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014)
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GO:0001530[lipopolysaccharide binding] GO:0001540[amyloid-beta binding] GO:0001726[ruffle] GO:0001875[lipopolysaccharide immune receptor activity] GO:0001891[phagocytic cup] GO:0002218[activation of innate immune response] GO:0002224[toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0002246[wound healing involved in inflammatory response] GO:0002322[B cell proliferation involved in immune response] GO:0002376[immune system process] GO:0002537[nitric oxide production involved in inflammatory response] GO:0002730[regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production] GO:0002755[MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0004888[transmembrane signaling receptor activity] GO:0005102[signaling receptor binding] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005768[endosome] GO:0005769[early endosome] GO:0005794[Golgi apparatus] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0006809[nitric oxide biosynthetic process] GO:0006909[phagocytosis] GO:0006954[inflammatory response] GO:0006955[immune response] GO:0007165[signal transduction] GO:0007249[I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling] GO:0007252[I-kappaB phosphorylation] GO:0007254[JNK cascade] GO:0009605[response to external stimulus] GO:0009617[response to bacterium] GO:0009897[external side of plasma membrane] GO:0009986[cell surface] GO:0010008[endosome membrane] GO:0010572[positive regulation of platelet activation] GO:0010628[positive regulation of gene expression] GO:0014002[astrocyte development] GO:0014911[positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016021[integral component of membrane] GO:0016046[detection of fungus] GO:0030890[positive regulation of B cell proliferation] GO:0031663[lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0032496[response to lipopolysaccharide] GO:0032497[detection of lipopolysaccharide] GO:0032689[negative regulation of interferon-gamma production] GO:0032700[negative regulation of interleukin-17 production] GO:0032707[negative regulation of interleukin-23 production] GO:0032715[negative regulation of interleukin-6 production] GO:0032720[negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production] GO:0032722[positive regulation of chemokine production] GO:0032727[positive regulation of interferon-alpha production] GO:0032728[positive regulation of interferon-beta production] GO:0032729[positive regulation of interferon-gamma production] GO:0032731[positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production] GO:0032732[positive regulation of interleukin-1 production] GO:0032733[positive regulation of interleukin-10 production] GO:0032735[positive regulation of interleukin-12 production] GO:0032755[positive regulation of interleukin-6 production] GO:0032757[positive regulation of interleukin-8 production] GO:0032760[positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production] GO:0032874[positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade] GO:0034142[toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway] GO:0035666[TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0036120[cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor stimulus] GO:0038023[signaling receptor activity] GO:0042088[T-helper 1 type immune response] GO:0042100[B cell proliferation] GO:0042116[macrophage activation] GO:0042742[defense response to bacterium] GO:0042802[identical protein binding] GO:0042995[cell projection] GO:0043032[positive regulation of macrophage activation] GO:0043123[positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling] GO:0043235[receptor complex] GO:0043406[positive regulation of MAP kinase activity] GO:0045087[innate immune response] GO:0045342[MHC class II biosynthetic process] GO:0045348[positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process] GO:0045429[positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process] GO:0045671[negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation] GO:0045944[positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II] GO:0046330[positive regulation of JNK cascade] GO:0046651[lymphocyte proliferation] GO:0046696[lipopolysaccharide receptor complex] GO:0046982[protein heterodimerization activity] GO:0048471[perinuclear region of cytoplasm] GO:0048661[positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation] GO:0050135[NAD(P)+ nucleosidase activity] GO:0050671[positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation] GO:0050727[regulation of inflammatory response] GO:0050729[positive regulation of inflammatory response] GO:0050829[defense response to Gram-negative bacterium] GO:0051092[positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity] GO:0051403[stress-activated MAPK cascade] GO:0051770[positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process] GO:0060729[intestinal epithelial structure maintenance] GO:0060907[positive regulation of macrophage cytokine production] GO:0061809[NAD+ nucleotidase, cyclic ADP-ribose generating] GO:0070371[ERK1 and ERK2 cascade] GO:0070373[negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade] GO:0070374[positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade] GO:0070427[nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway] GO:0070430[positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway] GO:0070431[nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway] GO:0070434[positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway] GO:0071222[cellular response to lipopolysaccharide] GO:0071223[cellular response to lipoteichoic acid] GO:0071260[cellular response to mechanical stimulus] GO:0071346[cellular response to interferon-gamma] GO:0120163[negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis] GO:0140052[cellular response to oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus] GO:1900017[positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response] GO:1900227[positive regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly] GO:1901224[positive regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling] GO:1903223[positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron death] GO:1903428[positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process] GO:1903974[positive regulation of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus] GO:1904466[positive regulation of matrix metallopeptidase secretion] GO:1904646[cellular response to amyloid-beta] GO:2000343[positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production]
CD markers Transporters Accessory Factors Involved in Transport Predicted membrane proteins Prediction method-based Membrane proteins predicted by MDM MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins MEMSAT-SVM predicted membrane proteins Phobius predicted membrane proteins SCAMPI predicted membrane proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins TMHMM predicted membrane proteins # TM segments-based 1TM proteins predicted by MDM FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Human disease related genes Nervous system diseases Eye disease Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014)
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GO:0001530[lipopolysaccharide binding] GO:0001540[amyloid-beta binding] GO:0001726[ruffle] GO:0001875[lipopolysaccharide immune receptor activity] GO:0001891[phagocytic cup] GO:0002224[toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0002376[immune system process] GO:0002755[MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0004888[transmembrane signaling receptor activity] GO:0005102[signaling receptor binding] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005768[endosome] GO:0005769[early endosome] GO:0005794[Golgi apparatus] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0006909[phagocytosis] GO:0006954[inflammatory response] GO:0006955[immune response] GO:0007165[signal transduction] GO:0007252[I-kappaB phosphorylation] GO:0009605[response to external stimulus] GO:0009897[external side of plasma membrane] GO:0009986[cell surface] GO:0010008[endosome membrane] GO:0010572[positive regulation of platelet activation] GO:0010628[positive regulation of gene expression] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016021[integral component of membrane] GO:0016046[detection of fungus] GO:0031663[lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0032496[response to lipopolysaccharide] GO:0032497[detection of lipopolysaccharide] GO:0032689[negative regulation of interferon-gamma production] GO:0032700[negative regulation of interleukin-17 production] GO:0032707[negative regulation of interleukin-23 production] GO:0032715[negative regulation of interleukin-6 production] GO:0032720[negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production] GO:0032722[positive regulation of chemokine production] GO:0032727[positive regulation of interferon-alpha production] GO:0032728[positive regulation of interferon-beta production] GO:0032729[positive regulation of interferon-gamma production] GO:0032731[positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production] GO:0032732[positive regulation of interleukin-1 production] GO:0032733[positive regulation of interleukin-10 production] GO:0032735[positive regulation of interleukin-12 production] GO:0032755[positive regulation of interleukin-6 production] GO:0032757[positive regulation of interleukin-8 production] GO:0032760[positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production] GO:0035666[TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0038023[signaling receptor activity] GO:0042088[T-helper 1 type immune response] GO:0042116[macrophage activation] GO:0042742[defense response to bacterium] GO:0042802[identical protein binding] GO:0042995[cell projection] GO:0043032[positive regulation of macrophage activation] GO:0043235[receptor complex] GO:0043406[positive regulation of MAP kinase activity] GO:0045087[innate immune response] GO:0045429[positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process] GO:0045671[negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation] GO:0045944[positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II] GO:0046696[lipopolysaccharide receptor complex] GO:0046982[protein heterodimerization activity] GO:0048471[perinuclear region of cytoplasm] GO:0050135[NAD(P)+ nucleosidase activity] GO:0050729[positive regulation of inflammatory response] GO:0050829[defense response to Gram-negative bacterium] GO:0051092[positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity] GO:0051770[positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process] GO:0060729[intestinal epithelial structure maintenance] GO:0061809[NAD+ nucleotidase, cyclic ADP-ribose generating] GO:0070373[negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade] GO:0071222[cellular response to lipopolysaccharide] GO:0071260[cellular response to mechanical stimulus] GO:0071346[cellular response to interferon-gamma] GO:0120163[negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis] GO:0140052[cellular response to oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus] GO:1900017[positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response] GO:1900227[positive regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly] GO:1901224[positive regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling] GO:1903223[positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron death] GO:1903428[positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process] GO:1903974[positive regulation of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus] GO:1904466[positive regulation of matrix metallopeptidase secretion] GO:1904646[cellular response to amyloid-beta] GO:2000343[positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production]