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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).
Candidate cardiovascular disease genes CD markers Disease related genes Enzymes FDA approved drug targets Human disease related genes Metabolic proteins Plasma proteins
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
17
Cytoband
q23.3
Chromosome location (bp)
63477061 - 63498380
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that removes dipeptides from the C-terminus of a variety of circulating hormones, such as angiotensin I, bradykinin or enkephalins, thereby playing a key role in the regulation of blood pressure, electrolyte homeostasis or synaptic plasticity 1,2,3,4,5,6. Composed of two similar catalytic domains, each possessing a functional active site, with different selectivity for substrates 7,8,9,10,11,12. Plays a major role in the angiotensin-renin system that regulates blood pressure and sodium retention by the kidney by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, resulting in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin 13,14,15,16,17. Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator, and therefore enhance the blood pressure response 18,19,20,21,22,23. Acts as a regulator of synaptic transmission by mediating cleavage of neuropeptide hormones, such as substance P, neurotensin or enkephalins 24,25,26,27. Catalyzes degradation of different enkephalin neuropeptides (Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe and possibly Met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu) 28,29,30. Acts as a regulator of synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens of the brain by mediating cleavage of Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, a strong ligand of Mu-type opioid receptor OPRM1, into Met-enkephalin (By similarity). Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe cleavage by ACE decreases activation of OPRM1, leading to long-term synaptic potentiation of glutamate release (By similarity). Also acts as a regulator of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation by mediating degradation of hemoregulatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP (AcSDKP) 31,32,33,34. Acts as a regulator of cannabinoid signaling pathway by mediating degradation of hemopressin, an antagonist peptide of the cannabinoid receptor CNR1 35. Involved in amyloid-beta metabolism by catalyzing degradation of Amyloid-beta protein 40 and Amyloid-beta protein 42 peptides, thereby preventing plaque formation 36,37,38. Catalyzes cleavage of cholecystokinin (maturation of Cholecystokinin-8 and Cholecystokinin-5) and Gonadoliberin-1 (both maturation and degradation) hormones 39,40,41,42. Degradation of hemoregulatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP (AcSDKP) and amyloid-beta proteins is mediated by the N-terminal catalytic domain, while angiotensin I and cholecystokinin cleavage is mediated by the C-terminal catalytic region 43,44,45....show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they bind, are associated with, or whose activity is dependent of some molecule.
Metal-binding, Zinc
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
This gene encodes an enzyme involved in blood pressure regulation and electrolyte balance. It catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I into a physiologically active peptide angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasopressor and aldosterone-stimulating peptide that controls blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte balance. This angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) also inactivates the vasodilator protein, bradykinin. Accordingly, the encoded enzyme increases blood pressure and is a drug target of ACE inhibitors, which are often prescribed to reduce blood pressure. This enzyme additionally plays a role in fertility through its ability to cleave and release GPI-anchored membrane proteins in spermatozoa. Many studies have associated the presence or absence of a 287 bp Alu repeat element in this gene with the levels of circulating enzyme. This polymorphism, as well as mutations in this gene, have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases including cardiovascular pathophysiologies, psoriasis, renal disease, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. Regulation of the homologous ACE2 gene may be involved in progression of disease caused by several human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding both somatic (sACE) and male-specific testicular (tACE) isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2020]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The ENSP identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary, while the ENST identifier links to the Ensembl website transcript summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the UniProt column can be expanded to show links to all matching UniProt identifiers for this protein.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The Gene Ontology terms assigned to this protein are listed if expanding the Gene ontology column. The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide (according to a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius) and the number of predicted transmembrane region(s) (according to MDM) are also reported.
P12821 [Direct mapping] Angiotensin-converting enzyme Angiotensin-converting enzyme, soluble form
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Enzymes ENZYME proteins Hydrolases Peptidases Metallopeptidases Metabolic proteins CD markers Predicted membrane proteins Prediction method-based Membrane proteins predicted by MDM MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins MEMSAT-SVM predicted membrane proteins Phobius predicted membrane proteins SCAMPI predicted membrane proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins TMHMM predicted membrane proteins # TM segments-based 1TM proteins predicted by MDM Plasma proteins Candidate cardiovascular disease genes Disease related genes FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Human disease related genes Congenital malformations Congenital malformations of the urinary system Endocrine and metabolic diseases Diabetes Immune system diseases Allergies and autoimmune diseases Nervous system diseases Eye disease Urinary system diseases Kidney diseases Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0001822[kidney development] GO:0001974[blood vessel remodeling] GO:0002003[angiotensin maturation] GO:0002019[regulation of renal output by angiotensin] GO:0002446[neutrophil mediated immunity] GO:0002474[antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I] GO:0003081[regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin] GO:0003084[positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure] GO:0004175[endopeptidase activity] GO:0004180[carboxypeptidase activity] GO:0004222[metalloendopeptidase activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005516[calmodulin binding] GO:0005576[extracellular region] GO:0005615[extracellular space] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005764[lysosome] GO:0005768[endosome] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0006508[proteolysis] GO:0007283[spermatogenesis] GO:0008217[regulation of blood pressure] GO:0008233[peptidase activity] GO:0008237[metallopeptidase activity] GO:0008238[exopeptidase activity] GO:0008240[tripeptidyl-peptidase activity] GO:0008241[peptidyl-dipeptidase activity] GO:0008270[zinc ion binding] GO:0009897[external side of plasma membrane] GO:0010814[substance P catabolic process] GO:0010815[bradykinin catabolic process] GO:0014910[regulation of smooth muscle cell migration] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016787[hydrolase activity] GO:0019229[regulation of vasoconstriction] GO:0031404[chloride ion binding] GO:0031434[mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase binding] GO:0031711[bradykinin receptor binding] GO:0032943[mononuclear cell proliferation] GO:0042445[hormone metabolic process] GO:0042447[hormone catabolic process] GO:0043171[peptide catabolic process] GO:0046872[metal ion binding] GO:0048167[regulation of synaptic plasticity] GO:0050435[amyloid-beta metabolic process] GO:0050482[arachidonic acid secretion] GO:0051019[mitogen-activated protein kinase binding] GO:0060047[heart contraction] GO:0060177[regulation of angiotensin metabolic process] GO:0060218[hematopoietic stem cell differentiation] GO:0061098[positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0070062[extracellular exosome] GO:0070573[metallodipeptidase activity] GO:0071838[cell proliferation in bone marrow] GO:0097746[blood vessel diameter maintenance] GO:1900086[positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation] GO:1902033[regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation] GO:1903597[negative regulation of gap junction assembly] GO:2000170[positive regulation of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation]
P12821 [Direct mapping] Angiotensin-converting enzyme Angiotensin-converting enzyme, soluble form
Show all
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Hydrolases Peptidases Metallopeptidases Metabolic proteins CD markers Predicted membrane proteins Prediction method-based Membrane proteins predicted by MDM MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins MEMSAT-SVM predicted membrane proteins Phobius predicted membrane proteins SCAMPI predicted membrane proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins TMHMM predicted membrane proteins # TM segments-based 1TM proteins predicted by MDM Plasma proteins Candidate cardiovascular disease genes Disease related genes FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Human disease related genes Congenital malformations Congenital malformations of the urinary system Endocrine and metabolic diseases Diabetes Immune system diseases Allergies and autoimmune diseases Nervous system diseases Eye disease Urinary system diseases Kidney diseases Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0001666[response to hypoxia] GO:0001822[kidney development] GO:0001974[blood vessel remodeling] GO:0002003[angiotensin maturation] GO:0002019[regulation of renal output by angiotensin] GO:0002446[neutrophil mediated immunity] GO:0002474[antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I] GO:0003081[regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin] GO:0003084[positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure] GO:0003779[actin binding] GO:0004175[endopeptidase activity] GO:0004180[carboxypeptidase activity] GO:0004222[metalloendopeptidase activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005516[calmodulin binding] GO:0005576[extracellular region] GO:0005615[extracellular space] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005764[lysosome] GO:0005768[endosome] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0006508[proteolysis] GO:0006518[peptide metabolic process] GO:0007283[spermatogenesis] GO:0007420[brain development] GO:0007565[female pregnancy] GO:0007568[aging] GO:0008217[regulation of blood pressure] GO:0008233[peptidase activity] GO:0008237[metallopeptidase activity] GO:0008238[exopeptidase activity] GO:0008240[tripeptidyl-peptidase activity] GO:0008241[peptidyl-dipeptidase activity] GO:0008270[zinc ion binding] GO:0008584[male gonad development] GO:0009410[response to xenobiotic stimulus] GO:0009792[embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching] GO:0009897[external side of plasma membrane] GO:0009925[basal plasma membrane] GO:0010608[post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression] GO:0010629[negative regulation of gene expression] GO:0010814[substance P catabolic process] GO:0010815[bradykinin catabolic process] GO:0014910[regulation of smooth muscle cell migration] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016787[hydrolase activity] GO:0019229[regulation of vasoconstriction] GO:0019233[sensory perception of pain] GO:0030324[lung development] GO:0031100[animal organ regeneration] GO:0031404[chloride ion binding] GO:0031434[mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase binding] GO:0031526[brush border membrane] GO:0031667[response to nutrient levels] GO:0031711[bradykinin receptor binding] GO:0031982[vesicle] GO:0032091[negative regulation of protein binding] GO:0032092[positive regulation of protein binding] GO:0032496[response to lipopolysaccharide] GO:0032943[mononuclear cell proliferation] GO:0034616[response to laminar fluid shear stress] GO:0035814[negative regulation of renal sodium excretion] GO:0042310[vasoconstriction] GO:0042445[hormone metabolic process] GO:0042447[hormone catabolic process] GO:0042755[eating behavior] GO:0043065[positive regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043171[peptide catabolic process] GO:0045777[positive regulation of blood pressure] GO:0045907[positive regulation of vasoconstriction] GO:0046325[negative regulation of glucose import] GO:0046872[metal ion binding] GO:0048167[regulation of synaptic plasticity] GO:0048286[lung alveolus development] GO:0050435[amyloid-beta metabolic process] GO:0050482[arachidonic acid secretion] GO:0050729[positive regulation of inflammatory response] GO:0050769[positive regulation of neurogenesis] GO:0051019[mitogen-activated protein kinase binding] GO:0060047[heart contraction] GO:0060177[regulation of angiotensin metabolic process] GO:0060218[hematopoietic stem cell differentiation] GO:0060978[angiogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis] GO:0061098[positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0070062[extracellular exosome] GO:0070573[metallodipeptidase activity] GO:0071333[cellular response to glucose stimulus] GO:0071548[response to dexamethasone] GO:0071838[cell proliferation in bone marrow] GO:0090281[negative regulation of calcium ion import] GO:0097066[response to thyroid hormone] GO:0097225[sperm midpiece] GO:0097746[blood vessel diameter maintenance] GO:1900086[positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation] GO:1901363[heterocyclic compound binding] GO:1902033[regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation] GO:1903597[negative regulation of gap junction assembly] GO:1904045[cellular response to aldosterone] GO:2000170[positive regulation of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation]
P12821 [Direct mapping] Angiotensin-converting enzyme Angiotensin-converting enzyme, soluble form
Show all
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Hydrolases Peptidases Metallopeptidases Metabolic proteins CD markers Predicted membrane proteins Prediction method-based Membrane proteins predicted by MDM MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins MEMSAT-SVM predicted membrane proteins Phobius predicted membrane proteins SCAMPI predicted membrane proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins TMHMM predicted membrane proteins # TM segments-based 1TM proteins predicted by MDM Plasma proteins Candidate cardiovascular disease genes Disease related genes FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Human disease related genes Congenital malformations Congenital malformations of the urinary system Endocrine and metabolic diseases Diabetes Immune system diseases Allergies and autoimmune diseases Nervous system diseases Eye disease Urinary system diseases Kidney diseases Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0001822[kidney development] GO:0001974[blood vessel remodeling] GO:0002003[angiotensin maturation] GO:0002019[regulation of renal output by angiotensin] GO:0002446[neutrophil mediated immunity] GO:0002474[antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I] GO:0003081[regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin] GO:0003084[positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure] GO:0004175[endopeptidase activity] GO:0004180[carboxypeptidase activity] GO:0004222[metalloendopeptidase activity] GO:0005516[calmodulin binding] GO:0005576[extracellular region] GO:0005615[extracellular space] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005764[lysosome] GO:0005768[endosome] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0006508[proteolysis] GO:0007283[spermatogenesis] GO:0008217[regulation of blood pressure] GO:0008233[peptidase activity] GO:0008237[metallopeptidase activity] GO:0008238[exopeptidase activity] GO:0008240[tripeptidyl-peptidase activity] GO:0008241[peptidyl-dipeptidase activity] GO:0008270[zinc ion binding] GO:0009897[external side of plasma membrane] GO:0010814[substance P catabolic process] GO:0010815[bradykinin catabolic process] GO:0014910[regulation of smooth muscle cell migration] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016787[hydrolase activity] GO:0019229[regulation of vasoconstriction] GO:0031404[chloride ion binding] GO:0031434[mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase binding] GO:0031711[bradykinin receptor binding] GO:0032943[mononuclear cell proliferation] GO:0042445[hormone metabolic process] GO:0042447[hormone catabolic process] GO:0043171[peptide catabolic process] GO:0046872[metal ion binding] GO:0048167[regulation of synaptic plasticity] GO:0050435[amyloid-beta metabolic process] GO:0050482[arachidonic acid secretion] GO:0051019[mitogen-activated protein kinase binding] GO:0060047[heart contraction] GO:0060177[regulation of angiotensin metabolic process] GO:0060218[hematopoietic stem cell differentiation] GO:0061098[positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0070062[extracellular exosome] GO:0070573[metallodipeptidase activity] GO:0071838[cell proliferation in bone marrow] GO:0097746[blood vessel diameter maintenance] GO:1900086[positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation] GO:1902033[regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation] GO:1903597[negative regulation of gap junction assembly] GO:2000170[positive regulation of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation]
Metabolic proteins MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins Predicted secreted proteins Secreted proteins predicted by MDSEC SignalP predicted secreted proteins Phobius predicted secreted proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins Human disease related genes Congenital malformations Congenital malformations of the urinary system Endocrine and metabolic diseases Diabetes Immune system diseases Allergies and autoimmune diseases Nervous system diseases Eye disease Urinary system diseases Kidney diseases Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Metabolic proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Human disease related genes Congenital malformations Congenital malformations of the urinary system Endocrine and metabolic diseases Diabetes Immune system diseases Allergies and autoimmune diseases Nervous system diseases Eye disease Urinary system diseases Kidney diseases Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Metabolic proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Human disease related genes Congenital malformations Congenital malformations of the urinary system Endocrine and metabolic diseases Diabetes Immune system diseases Allergies and autoimmune diseases Nervous system diseases Eye disease Urinary system diseases Kidney diseases Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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