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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).
Cancer-related genes Human disease related genes
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
6
Cytoband
p22.1
Chromosome location (bp)
29826967 - 29831125
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
[Isoform 1]: Non-classical major histocompatibility class Ib molecule involved in immune regulatory processes at the maternal-fetal interface 1,2,3. In complex with B2M/beta-2 microglobulin binds a limited repertoire of nonamer self-peptides derived from intracellular proteins including histones and ribosomal proteins 4,5. Peptide-bound HLA-G-B2M complex acts as a ligand for inhibitory/activating KIR2DL4, LILRB1 and LILRB2 receptors on uterine immune cells to promote fetal development while maintaining maternal-fetal tolerance 6,7,8,9,10,11. Upon interaction with KIR2DL4 and LILRB1 receptors on decidual NK cells, it triggers NK cell senescence-associated secretory phenotype as a molecular switch to promote vascular remodeling and fetal growth in early pregnancy 12,13,14,15. Through interaction with KIR2DL4 receptor on decidual macrophages induces pro-inflammatory cytokine production mainly associated with tissue remodeling 16. Through interaction with LILRB2 receptor triggers differentiation of type 1 regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, both of which actively maintain maternal-fetal tolerance 17,18. May play a role in balancing tolerance and antiviral-immunity at maternal-fetal interface by keeping in check the effector functions of NK, CD8+ T cells and B cells 19,20,21. Reprograms B cells toward an immune suppressive phenotype via LILRB1 22. May induce immune activation/suppression via intercellular membrane transfer (trogocytosis), likely enabling interaction with KIR2DL4, which resides mostly in endosomes 23,24. Through interaction with the inhibitory receptor CD160 on endothelial cells may control angiogenesis in immune privileged sites 25....show less
Biological process (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they are involved in a particular biological process.
Immunity
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
HLA-G belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. HLA-G is expressed on fetal derived placental cells. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domain, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region, and exon 6 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The ENSP identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary, while the ENST identifier links to the Ensembl website transcript summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the UniProt column can be expanded to show links to all matching UniProt identifiers for this protein.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The Gene Ontology terms assigned to this protein are listed if expanding the Gene ontology column. The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide (according to a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius) and the number of predicted transmembrane region(s) (according to MDM) are also reported.
P17693 [Direct mapping] HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain G Soluble HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain G
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Q6DU14 [Target identity:100%; Query identity:100%] HLA-G histocompatibility antigen, class I, G, isoform CRA_a; MHC class I antigen; MHC class Ib antigen; Major histocompatibility complex, class I, G; Truncated MHC class I antigen
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Predicted membrane proteins Prediction method-based Membrane proteins predicted by MDM MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins MEMSAT-SVM predicted membrane proteins Phobius predicted membrane proteins SCAMPI predicted membrane proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins TMHMM predicted membrane proteins # TM segments-based 1TM proteins predicted by MDM Predicted secreted proteins Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Human disease related genes Immune system diseases Allergies and autoimmune diseases Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014)
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GO:0000139[Golgi membrane] GO:0001915[negative regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity] GO:0002376[immune system process] GO:0002451[peripheral B cell tolerance induction] GO:0002474[antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I] GO:0002476[antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib] GO:0002645[positive regulation of tolerance induction] GO:0002666[positive regulation of T cell tolerance induction] GO:0002729[positive regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production] GO:0002767[immune response-inhibiting cell surface receptor signaling pathway] GO:0005102[signaling receptor binding] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005576[extracellular region] GO:0005615[extracellular space] GO:0005768[endosome] GO:0005769[early endosome] GO:0005783[endoplasmic reticulum] GO:0005789[endoplasmic reticulum membrane] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0006968[cellular defense response] GO:0009897[external side of plasma membrane] GO:0012507[ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016525[negative regulation of angiogenesis] GO:0030670[phagocytic vesicle membrane] GO:0031527[filopodium membrane] GO:0031901[early endosome membrane] GO:0032735[positive regulation of interleukin-12 production] GO:0033106[cis-Golgi network membrane] GO:0042130[negative regulation of T cell proliferation] GO:0042270[protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity] GO:0042605[peptide antigen binding] GO:0042610[CD8 receptor binding] GO:0042612[MHC class I protein complex] GO:0042802[identical protein binding] GO:0042803[protein homodimerization activity] GO:0042995[cell projection] GO:0045591[positive regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation] GO:0045953[negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity] GO:0050777[negative regulation of immune response] GO:0051898[negative regulation of protein kinase B signaling] GO:0055038[recycling endosome membrane] GO:0060907[positive regulation of macrophage cytokine production] GO:0070207[protein homotrimerization] GO:0070317[negative regulation of G0 to G1 transition] GO:0098553[lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane] GO:2000353[positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process] GO:2000774[positive regulation of cellular senescence] GO:2001199[negative regulation of dendritic cell differentiation]
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
