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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).
Cancer-related genes Candidate cardiovascular disease genes Disease related genes Human disease related genes Plasma proteins RAS pathway related proteins
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
11
Cytoband
p15.5
Chromosome location (bp)
2159779 - 2161221
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver....show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.
Hormone
Biological process (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they are involved in a particular biological process.
Carbohydrate metabolism, Glucose metabolism
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
This gene encodes insulin, a peptide hormone that plays a vital role in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. After removal of the precursor signal peptide, proinsulin is post-translationally cleaved into three peptides: the B chain and A chain peptides, which are covalently linked via two disulfide bonds to form insulin, and C-peptide. Binding of insulin to the insulin receptor (INSR) stimulates glucose uptake. A multitude of mutant alleles with phenotypic effects have been identified, including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, permanent neonatal diabetes diabetes mellitus, maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 10 and hyperproinsulinemia. There is a read-through gene, INS-IGF2, which overlaps with this gene at the 5' region and with the IGF2 gene at the 3' region. [provided by RefSeq, May 2020]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The ENSP identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary, while the ENST identifier links to the Ensembl website transcript summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the UniProt column can be expanded to show links to all matching UniProt identifiers for this protein.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The Gene Ontology terms assigned to this protein are listed if expanding the Gene ontology column. The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide (according to a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius) and the number of predicted transmembrane region(s) (according to MDM) are also reported.
MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins Predicted secreted proteins Secreted proteins predicted by MDSEC SignalP predicted secreted proteins Phobius predicted secreted proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins Plasma proteins RAS pathway related proteins Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Candidate cardiovascular disease genes Disease related genes Human disease related genes Endocrine and metabolic diseases Diabetes Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000139[Golgi membrane] GO:0001819[positive regulation of cytokine production] GO:0002020[protease binding] GO:0002674[negative regulation of acute inflammatory response] GO:0005158[insulin receptor binding] GO:0005159[insulin-like growth factor receptor binding] GO:0005179[hormone activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005576[extracellular region] GO:0005615[extracellular space] GO:0005788[endoplasmic reticulum lumen] GO:0005796[Golgi lumen] GO:0005975[carbohydrate metabolic process] GO:0006006[glucose metabolic process] GO:0006355[regulation of DNA-templated transcription] GO:0006521[regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process] GO:0006953[acute-phase response] GO:0007165[signal transduction] GO:0007186[G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway] GO:0007267[cell-cell signaling] GO:0008284[positive regulation of cell population proliferation] GO:0008286[insulin receptor signaling pathway] GO:0010628[positive regulation of gene expression] GO:0010629[negative regulation of gene expression] GO:0010750[positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction] GO:0014068[positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling] GO:0022898[regulation of transmembrane transporter activity] GO:0030133[transport vesicle] GO:0030307[positive regulation of cell growth] GO:0030335[positive regulation of cell migration] GO:0031904[endosome lumen] GO:0031954[positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation] GO:0032148[activation of protein kinase B activity] GO:0032880[regulation of protein localization] GO:0033116[endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane] GO:0033861[negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity] GO:0034774[secretory granule lumen] GO:0038060[nitric oxide-cGMP-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0042060[wound healing] GO:0042177[negative regulation of protein catabolic process] GO:0042311[vasodilation] GO:0042593[glucose homeostasis] GO:0042802[identical protein binding] GO:0043410[positive regulation of MAPK cascade] GO:0045597[positive regulation of cell differentiation] GO:0045721[negative regulation of gluconeogenesis] GO:0045725[positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process] GO:0045818[negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process] GO:0045821[positive regulation of glycolytic process] GO:0045840[positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division] GO:0045861[negative regulation of proteolysis] GO:0045922[negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process] GO:0046326[positive regulation of glucose import] GO:0046628[positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway] GO:0046631[alpha-beta T cell activation] GO:0046889[positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process] GO:0048167[regulation of synaptic plasticity] GO:0050708[regulation of protein secretion] GO:0050709[negative regulation of protein secretion] GO:0050714[positive regulation of protein secretion] GO:0050890[cognition] GO:0050995[negative regulation of lipid catabolic process] GO:0051000[positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity] GO:0051092[positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity] GO:0051247[positive regulation of protein metabolic process] GO:0051897[positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling] GO:0055089[fatty acid homeostasis] GO:0060266[negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response] GO:0060267[positive regulation of respiratory burst] GO:0090277[positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion] GO:0090336[positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation] GO:1900182[positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus] GO:1900273[positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation] GO:1902176[negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:1902952[positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance] GO:1903076[regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane] GO:1903427[negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process] GO:1990535[neuron projection maintenance] GO:2000252[negative regulation of feeding behavior]
MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins Predicted secreted proteins Secreted proteins predicted by MDSEC SignalP predicted secreted proteins Phobius predicted secreted proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins Plasma proteins RAS pathway related proteins Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Candidate cardiovascular disease genes Disease related genes Human disease related genes Endocrine and metabolic diseases Diabetes Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000139[Golgi membrane] GO:0001819[positive regulation of cytokine production] GO:0002020[protease binding] GO:0002674[negative regulation of acute inflammatory response] GO:0005158[insulin receptor binding] GO:0005159[insulin-like growth factor receptor binding] GO:0005179[hormone activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005576[extracellular region] GO:0005615[extracellular space] GO:0005788[endoplasmic reticulum lumen] GO:0005796[Golgi lumen] GO:0005975[carbohydrate metabolic process] GO:0006006[glucose metabolic process] GO:0006355[regulation of DNA-templated transcription] GO:0006521[regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process] GO:0006953[acute-phase response] GO:0007165[signal transduction] GO:0007186[G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway] GO:0007267[cell-cell signaling] GO:0008284[positive regulation of cell population proliferation] GO:0008286[insulin receptor signaling pathway] GO:0010628[positive regulation of gene expression] GO:0010629[negative regulation of gene expression] GO:0010750[positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction] GO:0014068[positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling] GO:0022898[regulation of transmembrane transporter activity] GO:0030133[transport vesicle] GO:0030307[positive regulation of cell growth] GO:0030335[positive regulation of cell migration] GO:0031904[endosome lumen] GO:0031954[positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation] GO:0032148[activation of protein kinase B activity] GO:0032880[regulation of protein localization] GO:0033116[endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane] GO:0033861[negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity] GO:0034774[secretory granule lumen] GO:0038060[nitric oxide-cGMP-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0042060[wound healing] GO:0042177[negative regulation of protein catabolic process] GO:0042311[vasodilation] GO:0042593[glucose homeostasis] GO:0042802[identical protein binding] GO:0043410[positive regulation of MAPK cascade] GO:0045597[positive regulation of cell differentiation] GO:0045721[negative regulation of gluconeogenesis] GO:0045725[positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process] GO:0045818[negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process] GO:0045821[positive regulation of glycolytic process] GO:0045840[positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division] GO:0045861[negative regulation of proteolysis] GO:0045922[negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process] GO:0046326[positive regulation of glucose import] GO:0046628[positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway] GO:0046631[alpha-beta T cell activation] GO:0046889[positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process] GO:0048167[regulation of synaptic plasticity] GO:0050708[regulation of protein secretion] GO:0050709[negative regulation of protein secretion] GO:0050714[positive regulation of protein secretion] GO:0050890[cognition] GO:0050995[negative regulation of lipid catabolic process] GO:0051000[positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity] GO:0051092[positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity] GO:0051247[positive regulation of protein metabolic process] GO:0051897[positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling] GO:0055089[fatty acid homeostasis] GO:0060266[negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response] GO:0060267[positive regulation of respiratory burst] GO:0090277[positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion] GO:0090336[positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation] GO:1900182[positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus] GO:1900273[positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation] GO:1902176[negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:1902952[positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance] GO:1903076[regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane] GO:1903427[negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process] GO:1990535[neuron projection maintenance] GO:2000252[negative regulation of feeding behavior]
MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins Predicted secreted proteins Secreted proteins predicted by MDSEC SignalP predicted secreted proteins Phobius predicted secreted proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins Plasma proteins RAS pathway related proteins Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Candidate cardiovascular disease genes Disease related genes Human disease related genes Endocrine and metabolic diseases Diabetes Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000139[Golgi membrane] GO:0001819[positive regulation of cytokine production] GO:0002020[protease binding] GO:0002674[negative regulation of acute inflammatory response] GO:0005158[insulin receptor binding] GO:0005159[insulin-like growth factor receptor binding] GO:0005179[hormone activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005576[extracellular region] GO:0005615[extracellular space] GO:0005788[endoplasmic reticulum lumen] GO:0005796[Golgi lumen] GO:0005975[carbohydrate metabolic process] GO:0006006[glucose metabolic process] GO:0006355[regulation of DNA-templated transcription] GO:0006521[regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process] GO:0006953[acute-phase response] GO:0007165[signal transduction] GO:0007186[G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway] GO:0007267[cell-cell signaling] GO:0008284[positive regulation of cell population proliferation] GO:0008286[insulin receptor signaling pathway] GO:0010628[positive regulation of gene expression] GO:0010629[negative regulation of gene expression] GO:0010750[positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction] GO:0014068[positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling] GO:0022898[regulation of transmembrane transporter activity] GO:0030133[transport vesicle] GO:0030307[positive regulation of cell growth] GO:0030335[positive regulation of cell migration] GO:0031904[endosome lumen] GO:0031954[positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation] GO:0032148[activation of protein kinase B activity] GO:0032880[regulation of protein localization] GO:0033116[endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane] GO:0033861[negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity] GO:0034774[secretory granule lumen] GO:0038060[nitric oxide-cGMP-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0042060[wound healing] GO:0042177[negative regulation of protein catabolic process] GO:0042311[vasodilation] GO:0042593[glucose homeostasis] GO:0042802[identical protein binding] GO:0043410[positive regulation of MAPK cascade] GO:0045597[positive regulation of cell differentiation] GO:0045721[negative regulation of gluconeogenesis] GO:0045725[positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process] GO:0045818[negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process] GO:0045821[positive regulation of glycolytic process] GO:0045840[positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division] GO:0045861[negative regulation of proteolysis] GO:0045922[negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process] GO:0046326[positive regulation of glucose import] GO:0046628[positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway] GO:0046631[alpha-beta T cell activation] GO:0046889[positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process] GO:0048167[regulation of synaptic plasticity] GO:0050708[regulation of protein secretion] GO:0050709[negative regulation of protein secretion] GO:0050714[positive regulation of protein secretion] GO:0050890[cognition] GO:0050995[negative regulation of lipid catabolic process] GO:0051000[positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity] GO:0051092[positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity] GO:0051247[positive regulation of protein metabolic process] GO:0051897[positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling] GO:0055089[fatty acid homeostasis] GO:0060266[negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response] GO:0060267[positive regulation of respiratory burst] GO:0090277[positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion] GO:0090336[positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation] GO:1900182[positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus] GO:1900273[positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation] GO:1902176[negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:1902952[positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance] GO:1903076[regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane] GO:1903427[negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process] GO:1990535[neuron projection maintenance] GO:2000252[negative regulation of feeding behavior]
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
